RESUMO
The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile and evolution of urinary schistosomiasis in Morocco, from the first confirmed case in 1960 until disease elimination, and control snails. During this period, 129,526 cases were recorded in Morocco. A majority of cases were reported in Agadir province (25%), Errachidia (18%), and Beni Mellal (13%). Other cases have been reported in the other provinces. Activities within the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme for more than three decades were focused in priori on screening in schools located in high-risk communities, treatment program, surveillance of snails in water bodies, and mollusciciding. Then, the goal of eliminating the transmission of schistosomiasis has been reached in 2004. Sixteen years later, no indigenous cases were detected in Morocco, and only 25 residual cases (resulting from bilharziasis previously treated) are detected, such as in Tata ( 40%), Errachidia (16%), and (12%) in Marrackesh. Similarly, recent national studies conducted on children and the snail reservoir hosts have indicated that no human and molluscs are currently infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Actually, timely investigation and management of imported cases has been implemented to prevent the reintroduction of the disease. The Ministry of Health is planning to implement final confirmatory surveys before requesting WHO to proceed with the formal verification process.
RESUMO
Leishmaniasis is among the most important emerging vector-borne protozoal disease in terms of disability adjusted life year (DALY'S). The main objectives of this study are, firstly to evaluate the epidemiological situation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) from 2000 to 2015 in Moulay Yacoub Province and Fez Prefecture and secondly to analyze the impact of several factors (geographical and socio-economic factors) on the distribution of CL in these provinces. In addition, this study aims to identify the circulating species of Leishmania in order to justify the cause of the case maintenance and to prevent possible epidemics. The spatio-temporal evolution of CL from 2000 to 2015 in the study area revealed the endemic and epidemic character of the disease with a variation in the number of cases according to provinces, and districts. The sharp decrease of cases observed in the study area could be explained by the several control measures that concern the different actors of leishmaniasis. According to the statistical study, the presence of leishmaniasis is mainly related to population movement and environmental conditions. The results of the clinical identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area showed a diversity of clinical features with the presence of symptoms miming for L. tropica or L. infantum. This result was confirmed by the molecular study PCR-ITS1-RFLP.
En absence du vaccin et vu la complexité et la diversité des cycles des leishmanioses au Maroc, en plus de la présence des facteurs de risque (urbanisation anarchique, changements climatiques, facteurs socio-économiques ), notre étude s'intègre dans le cadre du Programme national de lutte contre les leishmanioses qui est une des priorités dans les programmes de lutte instaurés par l'OMS. Les objectifs de cette étude sont premièrement d'évaluer la situation épidémiologique depuis le déclenchement de l'épidémie de leishmaniose cutanée (LC) en 2000 jusqu'à 2015 dans la province de Moulay Yacoub et la préfecture de Fès et secondairement d'analyser l'impact de plusieurs facteurs sur la distribution de la LC. Aussi, cette étude vise à identifier les espèces de leishmanies circulantes au niveau de cette région. L'évolution spatio-temporelle de la LC de 2000 à 2015 dans la zone d'étude a révélé le caractère endémoépidémique de la maladie. La nette diminution après le pic de 2001 des cas de la LC peut être liée aux différents moyens de lutte réalisés annuellement et qui ont concerné les différents maillons du cycle. Selon les résultats de l'étude statistique (Ordinary Least Squares Regression [OLSR] et Chi2), la présence de la LC est principalement liée aux mouvements de la population et aux conditions environnementales. Les résultats de l'approche d'identification ont montré une diversité des caractéristiques cliniques avec la présence de symptômes qui indiquent une LC à L. tropica ou à L. infantum. Ce résultat a été confirmé par l'étude moléculaire PCR-ITS1-RFLP.
Assuntos
Leishmania tropica , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Humanos , Leishmania tropica/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Marrocos/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
Malaria resurgence risk in Morocco depends, among other factors, on environmental changes as well as the introduction of parasite carriers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the receptivity of the Loukkos area, large wetlands in Northern Morocco, to quantify and to map malaria transmission risk in this region using biological and environmental data. This risk was assessed on entomological risk basis and was mapped using environmental markers derived from satellite imagery. Maps showing spatial and temporal variations of entomological risk for Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum were produced. Results showed this risk to be highly seasonal and much higher in rice fields than in swamps. This risk is lower for Afrotropical P. falciparum strains because of the low infectivity of Anopheles labranchiae, principal malaria vector in Morocco. However, it is very high for P. vivax mainly during summer corresponding to the rice cultivation period. Although the entomological risk is high in Loukkos region, malaria resurgence risk remains very low, because of the low vulnerability of the area.
RESUMO
In Morocco; the resistance monitoring of Anopheles labranchiae larvae to temephos is done using discriminating concentration of 0.125?mg; which is half of the WHO recommended dose for Anopheles. However; this dosage seemed to be too high to allow an early detection of the resistance and its revision was found necessary. The present study was carried out during May-June 2008 and 2009 in nine provinces from the north-west of the country. The aim was to determine the lethal concentrations LC100 of temephos for the most susceptible populations and to define the discriminating dosage as the double of this value. The bioassays were conducted according to WHO standard operating protocol to establish the dose-mortality relationship and deduct the LC50 and LC95. The results of this study indicated that the LC100 obtained on the most susceptible populations was close to 0.05?mg/L. Therefore; the temephos discriminating dosage for susceptibility monitoring of An. labranchiae larvae in Morocco was set to be 0.1?mg
Assuntos
Anopheles , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária/prevenção & controle , TemefósRESUMO
This bibliographical study, based on published works, ministry of Health Reports, exploitation of the database relative to the entomological surveillance conducted in the framework of the National Malaria Control Program, as well as unpublished results obtained within the framework of the European project "Emerging disease in a changing European environment", summarizes and completes with new data current knowledge on the systematics, the distribution and the vectorial competence of moroccan anophelines.
Assuntos
Culicidae , Insetos Vetores , Animais , Culicidae/fisiologia , Marrocos , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
In Morocco, the resistance monitoring of Anopheles labranchiae larvae to temephos is done using discriminating concentration of 0.125 mg, which is half of the WHO recommended dose for Anopheles. However, this dosage seemed to be too high to allow an early detection of the resistance and its revision was found necessary. The present study was carried out during May-June 2008 and 2009 in nine provinces from the north-west of the country. The aim was to determine the lethal concentrations LC100 of temephos for the most susceptible populations and to define the discriminating dosage as the double of this value. The bioassays were conducted according to WHO standard operating protocol to establish the dose-mortality relationship and deduct the LC50 and LC95. The results of this study indicated that the LC100 obtained on the most susceptible populations was close to 0.05 mg/L. Therefore, the temephos discriminating dosage for susceptibility monitoring of An. labranchiae larvae in Morocco was set to be 0.1 mg/L.
RESUMO
To evaluate the risk of malaria transmission resumption in Morocco, we have studied the current level of receptivity of the region of the last malaria focus in the country. Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis labranchiae and Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii, the major vectors of malaria in Morocco, are still presents but their anthropopathic index was low and no parasite positive samples were detected. An. labranchiae was very rare; only 34 females were caught over all the study period. The human biting rate was nil and none of its blood meal was human. An. sergenti was more abundant but its low human aggressiveness and its zoophilic behaviour would not attribute to this species an important vectorial capacity. Thus, the receptivity of Chefchaouen province, the region of the last malaria focus in Morocco, under the current vector control measures undertaken by Public Health services, is low and despite the likely presence of Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers, the malariogenic potential appears to be low and the risk of malaria resumption is, at this time, unimportant.
Assuntos
Anopheles/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Insetos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malária/parasitologia , Animais , Humanos , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos , Malária/epidemiologia , Marrocos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Anopheles (cellia) d'thali is generally classified as a mosquito of arid areas in the South and East Morocco. The northernmost station of this species at present in Morocco is the Moulouya valley. However we found An. d'thali during entomological investigations in the north of the country in the subhumid area of Chefchaouen. In Morocco, An. d'thali is therefore no longer a strictly desert species.
Assuntos
Anopheles/classificação , Insetos Vetores/classificação , África do Norte , Animais , Feminino , Geografia , Marrocos , Estações do AnoRESUMO
A study of Anopheles labranchiae resistance in Morocco was conducted in the provinces of Kénitra, Khouribga, Larache, Khémisset and Salé during 2005. An. labranchiae was susceptible to propoxur, fenitrothion and permethrin and resistant to varying degrees to DDT. Genetically there was no change to the target site common to DDT and pyrethroids, the voltage gated sodium channel. The resistance seemed to be due to detoxification mechanisms specific to DDT. In principle, there should be no obstacle to the substitution of DDT by pyrethroids in Morocco. Resistance can then be detected and supervised by more reliable molecular tools in the Laboratory of Medical Entomology of the National Institute of Hygiene.
Assuntos
Anopheles , DDT , Insetos Vetores , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas , Animais , Anopheles/classificação , Anopheles/genética , Anopheles/parasitologia , Fenitrotion , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Insetos Vetores/genética , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária/parasitologia , Malária/prevenção & controle , Malária/transmissão , Epidemiologia Molecular , Marrocos/epidemiologia , Controle de Mosquitos , Mutação/genética , Determinação de Necessidades de Cuidados de Saúde , Permetrina , Propoxur , Canais de SódioRESUMO
To assess the malaria reintroduction risk in Morocco, we analyzed the malariogenic potential of a rice cultivation area in the north of the country. Our results showed that the receptivity of this area is very high during all the period of the rice cultivation, from May to October, the vectorial capacity of An. labranchiae, malaria vector in Morocco, is considerably high during the summer which corresponds to the rice cultivation period. The risk of autochthonous malaria resumption is important because of the possible presence of gametocytes carriers in the last malaria focus which is bordering the study area. The risk of a tropical malaria introduction is unimportant seen the low vulnerability of the area and the uncertain competence of its vectors considered. However, this risk must be considered with a more attention.
Assuntos
Anopheles/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Controle de Mosquitos , Oryza , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Malária/transmissão , Masculino , Marrocos/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estações do AnoRESUMO
A study of Anopheles labranchiae resistance in Morocco was conducted in the provinces of K‚nitra, Khouribga, Larache, Kh‚misset and Sal‚ during 2005. An. labranchiae was susceptible to propoxur, fenitrothion and permethrin and resistant to varying degrees to DDT. Genetically there was no change to the target site common to DDT and pyrethroids, the voltage gated sodium channel. The resistance seemed to be due to detoxification mechanisms specific to DDT. In principle, there should be no obstacle to the substitution of DDT by pyrethroids in Morocco. Resistance can then be detected and supervised by more reliable molecular tools in the Laboratory of Medical Entomology of the National Institute of Hygiene
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Permetrina , Piretrinas , DDT , AnophelesRESUMO
Anopheles belonging to Anopheles maculipennis complex, collected from February to June 2002 in eight provinces of Morocco (Khouribga, Taounate, Alhouceima, Chefchaouen, Fes, Khemisset, Kalaa Sraghna and Benslimane), were identified with characterization of the ribosomal DNA by PCR and ITS2 sequence analysis. The results of this study showed that all the identified specimens belong to the Anopheles labranchiae species.
Assuntos
Anopheles , Animais , Anopheles/classificação , Anopheles/genética , Anopheles/crescimento & desenvolvimento , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Feminino , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Insetos Vetores/genética , Larva , Marrocos , Plasmodium , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The malaria transmission level of Plasmodium vivax was monitored in four high-risk provinces in Morocco. Intensive mosquito collection by light traps and manual catches resulted in the capture of four species: Anopheles labranchiae, An. sergenti, An. cinereus, and An. claviger. All An. sergenti and An. labranchiae females collected were tested for the presence of two phenotypes of P. vivax (PVK210 and PVK247) antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No P. vivax antigen was detected in 1347 mosquitoes analysed. A parallel parasitological investigation was conducted. Of 2665 slides examined from a population of 4343 people for detection of P. vivax, no slide was positive. The results confirm the break in malaria transmission in residual foci. The use of ELISA is recommended in future epidemiological studies of human malaria.
Assuntos
Anopheles/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/transmissão , Altitude , Animais , Anopheles/classificação , Antígenos de Protozoários/sangue , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Reservatórios de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Malária Vivax/sangue , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Malária Vivax/prevenção & controle , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Marrocos/epidemiologia , Fenótipo , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Plasmodium vivax/imunologia , Vigilância da População/métodos , Prevalência , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde da População Rural/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The malaria transmission level of Plasmodium vivax was monitored in four high-risk provinces in Morocco. Intensive mosquito collection by light traps and manual catches resulted in the capture of four species: Anopheles labranchiae, An. sergenti, An. cinereus, and An. claviger. All An. sergenti and An. labranchiae females collected were tested for the presence of two phenotypes of P. vivax [PVK210 and PVK247] antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. No P. vivax antigen was detected in 1347 mosquitoes analysed. A parallel parasitological investigation was conducted. Of 2665 slides examined from a population of 4343 people for detection of P. vivax, no slide was positive. The results confirm the break in malaria transmission in residual foci. The use of ELISA is recommended in future epidemiological studies of human malaria
